Coaching and mentoring

Demonstrated benefits of these approaches include improved quality and quantity of work, transfer of learning and, for employees, improved communication and problem-solving skills.

Effective coaching and mentoring programs depend on the skills and personality of the mentor or coach, adequate time for coaching and mentoring sessions and established timelines and goals.

Job rotation and cross-training

Job rotation moves an employee through one or more different positions. The rotation can last several hours, several months or even a year or two. Cross-training is a specific type of job rotation where an employee learns the skills of a different position.

These approaches can effectively add diversity and interest, prepare individuals for promotion, rejuvenate work units and improve communication.

Training

A well-designed training program that maximizes learning before, during and after instruction translates into positive, lasting changes on the job. Effective programs can include orientation, on-the-job training and classroom instruction.

Internet-based learning is an increasingly attractive option that allows employees to learn at their own pace and on their own schedule (on weekends or evenings) with access to the material at any time.

Self-directed learning

This approach puts individual employees in control of their own learning, allowing for personal differences in learning styles and encouraging ownership of the learning process.

When using this approach, many employers work with employees to develop a learning contract or personal development plan. The contract or plan, which is signed by both parties, outlines clear learning goals.

Employee promotion

Promoting someone to a position of greater responsibility is a traditional way of rewarding good performance, developing employee skills and retaining valued employees.

Effective promotion involves careful consideration of many details, including identifying gaps in skills and experience and providing support through training, coaching or mentoring.

Job enrichment

Job enrichment increases the employee’s authority or responsibility within their current position. Examples include committee work, special assignments or serving on cross-functional teams.

This approach increases interest and motivation by allowing employees to try new skills, build new relationships and explore new areas of specialization.

Lateral moves

In a lateral move, an employee moves to a different position with similar status, pay and responsibility. A lateral move may offer new challenges or encourage the development of different skills for an employee who may not necessarily want increased responsibility.

This approach increases flexibility and communication among work units and, in small businesses with few opportunities for advancement, helps to retain valuable employees who might otherwise leave.